For this assignment, I have produced an annotated bibliography in association with:
'designing urban environments as an attempt to minimise crime.'
I have Harvard referenced each source and produced annotations in response to what the source has provided. The content in my annotations reflect the relevance of the information given in general, and to me as an individual who has researched the subject.
Journals:
Bollens, S. A. (2006) Urban planning and peace building. Progress in Planning Vol 66, p.67-139
_The paper focuses on the role of urban planning and policy in societies that have experienced inter-group conflict, war, and major societal transformations. The writer looks at the reasons why a select few cities play a progressive role in shaping new societal paths, while others do not. I have been informed that planning and urban design professions have the potential to revitalize and redevelop public spaces, neighbourhoods and historic areas in ways that can promote healthy inter-group and interpersonal life. Urbanism plays a large role in aiming to prevent crime in public places. Urbanism can create physical and psychological spaces that can help peacemaking in run down areas within cities.
Bollens, S. A. (2006) Urban planning and peace building. Progress in Planning Vol 66, p.67-139
_The paper focuses on the role of urban planning and policy in societies that have experienced inter-group conflict, war, and major societal transformations. The writer looks at the reasons why a select few cities play a progressive role in shaping new societal paths, while others do not. I have been informed that planning and urban design professions have the potential to revitalize and redevelop public spaces, neighbourhoods and historic areas in ways that can promote healthy inter-group and interpersonal life. Urbanism plays a large role in aiming to prevent crime in public places. Urbanism can create physical and psychological spaces that can help peacemaking in run down areas within cities.
Holyoak, J. (2006) Urban Design and Antisocial Behaviour. Urban Design Issue 97
_As the author is an architect and urban designer, he looks at renewed interest in the shaping and design of public spaces. He mentions the remodelling of old spaces in London, Birmingham and Newcastle. He contemplates the existence of 'well-designed environments'. He compares 'well designed spaces having a positive impact on the behaviour of the public' to 'authentic Gothic architecture making people into better Christians.' Do people really act differently depending on their surroundings?
_As the author is an architect and urban designer, he looks at renewed interest in the shaping and design of public spaces. He mentions the remodelling of old spaces in London, Birmingham and Newcastle. He contemplates the existence of 'well-designed environments'. He compares 'well designed spaces having a positive impact on the behaviour of the public' to 'authentic Gothic architecture making people into better Christians.' Do people really act differently depending on their surroundings?
Shaftoe, H. (2006) Behaving Badly In Public Places. Urban Design Issue 97
_In this paper the author wants to discover if there is a link between design of urban spaces and the way people behave in them. If a link is spotted, then action needs to be taken to promote good behaviour and prevent anti-social behaviour. The author talks about how a group of architects, geographers and criminologists par took in field experimentation, manipulating aspects of the environment to test if this had effect on levels of crime in an area. The paper explores how certain physical situations and environments can encourage anti-social behaviour or allow crime to occur. Environments with brutal designs, harsh environments or poorly designed open spaces are most common for practitioners of crime. As a method of controlling crime occurrence, we need to think about redesigning and securing such places to limit criminal activity.
Roche, K. M., Enminger, M.E., Chilcoat, H., Storr, C. (2003) Establishing Independence in Low-Income Urban Areas: The Relationship to Adolescent Aggressive Behaviour. Journal of Marriage and Family Vol 65, No.3 p.668-680
_This journal explores how public spaces have been created and how they have been used for various purposes. It looks at investments that reinvigorate dilapidated public spaces so as to make public space more secure by taking steps to increase safety and reduce feelings of 'fear'. There is exploration of how CCTV has the potential to make public space safer. The journal also looks at how outdoor and pavement cafés satisfy what the public want within public spaces. I personally think that it's beneficial to have a place for comfort, relaxation, passive engagement with the environment, active engagement with the environment and discovery in a public space. I believe that these methods collectively act to reduce crime in public places and have the capability to increase entertainment/social aspects within public areas.
_In this paper the author wants to discover if there is a link between design of urban spaces and the way people behave in them. If a link is spotted, then action needs to be taken to promote good behaviour and prevent anti-social behaviour. The author talks about how a group of architects, geographers and criminologists par took in field experimentation, manipulating aspects of the environment to test if this had effect on levels of crime in an area. The paper explores how certain physical situations and environments can encourage anti-social behaviour or allow crime to occur. Environments with brutal designs, harsh environments or poorly designed open spaces are most common for practitioners of crime. As a method of controlling crime occurrence, we need to think about redesigning and securing such places to limit criminal activity.
Roche, K. M., Enminger, M.E., Chilcoat, H., Storr, C. (2003) Establishing Independence in Low-Income Urban Areas: The Relationship to Adolescent Aggressive Behaviour. Journal of Marriage and Family Vol 65, No.3 p.668-680
_Those adolescents living in low-income Baltimore city neighbourhoods tend to have aggressive behaviour. This journal tends to explore how adolescents are brought up, and therefore having an influence on their involvement in crime. It looks at how girls are more likely to participate in care taking adult roles such as babysitting, therefore meaning that young boys get involved with crime more so than young girls.
Van Melik, R. et al (2007) Fear and Fantasy in the Public Domain: The Development of Secured and Themed Urban Space. Journal of Urban Design Vol 12, 25-42
_This journal explores how public spaces have been created and how they have been used for various purposes. It looks at investments that reinvigorate dilapidated public spaces so as to make public space more secure by taking steps to increase safety and reduce feelings of 'fear'. There is exploration of how CCTV has the potential to make public space safer. The journal also looks at how outdoor and pavement cafés satisfy what the public want within public spaces. I personally think that it's beneficial to have a place for comfort, relaxation, passive engagement with the environment, active engagement with the environment and discovery in a public space. I believe that these methods collectively act to reduce crime in public places and have the capability to increase entertainment/social aspects within public areas.
Books:
Hastings, F., Flint, J., McKenzie, C., Mills, C. (2005) Cleaning up Neighbourhoods: Environmental problems and service provision in deprived areas. Bristol: The Policy Press
_Identifies local characteristics which make some neighbourhoods particularly prone to environmental problems. Looks closely at how people in 'run-down' neighbourhoods feel – fearful, depressed, demoralised etc.
Jones, H. (ed.) (1993) Crime and the Urban Environment. Hants: Ashgate Publishing Limited p.69- 84
_Identifies that the environment acts as a 'barometer'. It is the public who determine the likelihood of criminal risk and in turn, evaluate the quality of urban life. This particular chapter looks at the relationship between the surrounding urban landscape and the fear of crime. It is physical and social cues that represent the factors associated with the safety of any local place. Places can appear dangerous not only because of the frequency of crime, but also the design. It can also depend on how familiar you are within a place. The people who live in a place can also affect how you feel within a place.
Newman, O. (1973) Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violet City. Great Britain: Architectural Press
_This book proves that prevention again crime in urban areas has been a problem, even in the seventies. Crime is a threat to all of society. Poorly designed building and projects have crime rates x3 than those of projects housing socially identical residents at a similar density.
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During this particular assignment I realised that the environment surrounding an individual can influence how they might act.
When public spaces are filled with graffiti, or if they are 'run-down' and unattractive, this can give more ammunition to criminals to 'ruin' areas.
Another criminal act known as 'shoplifting' is another crime that is a problem at present. I do however feel like it's the responsibility of the shop them self to ensure that it is not easy for the shoplifter to commit their crime. In shopping centres nowadays, some shops tend to have a lot of there stock half way out the door! - a strategy typically used to entice
the public into their shop!
-however it looks like it makes shoplifting EASIER for the criminal.
Shopping centre in Rhode Island
This example emphasises the importance of successful interior design. Interior design is NOT just for the home, but for EVERY interior that exists in the world today.
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